现在分词和过去分词用法之异同

  加入时间：05年8月28日10:23

    现在分词和过去分词的用法异同历来是学习中的难点和高考测试的重点。众所周知，两种分词的区别很多，但它们之间的根本区别是：

    过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成，在语态上侧重于被动；

    而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行，在语态上侧重于主动。

    这种根本的区别具体体现在两种分词分别充当的各种句子成份中。细述如下：

一、分词作定语

共同点：分词作定语时，如果分词只是一个单词，那么，该分词就位于其所修饰的名词之前；如果是分词短语，那么，该短语就位于其所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。

　　不同点：分词作定语时，被分词所修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。

1.There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst of light.

　A. followed   B. following   C. to be followed   D. being followed

　简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，句子后半部分是一个作定语、修饰 noise 的分词短语；再根据句意“一阵闪电之后，接着就是一声巨响。”可知，巨响应是主动，紧接在闪电之后的。因此，该题应选B。

2.The Olympic Games, ____ in 776 B. C., didn’t include women until 1912.

　A. first playing             B. to be first played

    C. first played          D. to be playing

　简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games 的后置分词短语；再根据 The Olympic Games 对于动词 play 来说只能是被动承受，且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此，该题应选C。

3.What’s the language ____ in Germany?

  A. speaking         B. spoken           C. be spoken         D. to speak

　简析：该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 which is spoken

4.Most of the people ____ to the party were famous scientists.

 A. invited           B. to invite         C. being invited       D. inviting

 简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 who were invited

5.Most of the artists ____ to the party were from South Africa.

 A. invited       B. to invite       C. being invited     D. had been invited

  简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句who were invited

6.The computer centre, ____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.

  A. open           B. opening          C. having opened       D. opened

  简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后，可以用非限制性定语从句“which was opened last year”代替

7.The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

  A. having written    B. to be written     C. being written    D. written

  简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句which were written

二、分词作表语

共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。

　　不同点：分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作的一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。　

1.This news sounds ____.

  A. encouraging   B. encouraged   C. encourage   D. to encourage

  简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在句中应作表语，因为 sounds 在此句中用作连系动词；再根据 The news 对于动词 encourage 来说应是主动关系，即这个消息本身就鼓舞人心。因此，该题应选A。

2. -How did Bob do in the exams this time?

　-Well, his father seems ____ with his results.

  A. pleasing        B. please            C. pleased        D. to please

  简析：首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作表语。因为 seems 在此句中用作连系动词; 再根据 his father 对于动词 please 来说应是被动关系, 即这个结果使他的父亲高兴; 换言之, 他的父亲因为受到这个结果的刺激而感到高兴。因此, 该题应选C。

3. -How did the audience receive the new play?

　-They got very ____.

  A . excite          B . excited           C . excitedly         D . exciting

  简析：该题应选B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。

三、分词作宾语补足语

共同点：分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。

　　不同点：分词作宾语补足语时，句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。

1.The next morning she found the man ____ in bed, dead.

  A. lying                 B. lie                  C. lay                D. laying

  简析: 首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语 the man; 再根据宾语 the man 对于动词 lie 来说应是主动关系, 而且, lie 这个动作与谓语动词 found 同时进行。因此, 该题应选A。

2. -Good morning. Can I help you?

    -I’d like to have the package ____, madam.

  A. be weighed      B. to be weighed     C. to weigh         D. weighed

  简析: 首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语 the package; 再根据 the package 对于动词 weigh 来说, 只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选D。

3. I can hardly imagine Peter ____ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.

  A. sail       B. sailing     C. to sail            D. to have sailed

  简析: 该题应选B。测试动词 imagine 后要求跟动名词, Peter 是动名词的逻辑主语。

4.If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air ____ against your face.

  A. moved            B. moving            C. moves             D. to move

  简析: 该题应选B。测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正发出的动作。

四、分词作状语

        共同点：分词作状语时，一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。

　　不同点：分词作状语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生谓语动词之前或同时发生。

1.European football is played in 80 countries, ____ it the most popular sport in the world.

  A. making          B. makes        C. made          D. to make

  简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在整个句中应作状语；再根据 European football 对于 make 来说应是主动关系，即欧洲足球使之本身成为一项最受世人欢迎的运动。因此，该题应选A。

2.____ a reply, he decided to write again.

  A. Not receiving           B. Receiving not

  C. Not having received        D. Having not received

  简析：该题应选C。 测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加 not 。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。

3.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, ____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.

  A. having added   B. to add        C. adding          D. added

  简析：该题应选C。测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语。　

4. “Can’t you read?” Mary said ____ to the notice.

  A. angrily pointing            B. and point angrily

  C. angrily pointed             D. and angrily pointing

  简析：该题应选A。测试现在分词作伴随状语，通过副词 angrily 进行干扰。若B 答案为 and pointed angrily 时也对。

　　另外，分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时，需要独立主格结构或 with 复合结构来替代。(此时，也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)

  例: The murderer was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.

  A. being tied       B. having tied     C. to be tied        D. tied

  简析：很显然，待选部分的逻辑主语是 his hands，而不是句子的主语 The murderer , 而 his hands 对于动词 tie 来说，只能是被动承受。因此，该题应选D。

1.I cannot understand _____ such a well-paid job.

A. him to give up          B. him to have given up

C. his giving up          D. his being given up

2.Jane’s summer vacation in England led to _____ an Englishman.

A. her marry             B. her to marry        

C. her being married         D. her marrying

3.She was sad because of _____ any chance left.

A. there being not             B. there not being      

C. not there being           D. there was not

4.If you think a letter is too slow, why not _____ a telegram?

A. try to have sent            B. trying to send        

C. to try to send            D. try sending

5.There is no chance _____ him today.

 A. in seeing                 B. to seeing         

 C. of seeing                 D. about seeing

6.I know you like _____ . Would you like _____ with me now?

A. to swim, to swim        B. swimming, swimming

C. swimming, to swim        D. to swim, swimming

7.Before _____, the machine must be checked.

A. being used             B. using it           

C. being used to          D. using

8.To give up _____ means _____ .

A. smoking, stopping smoking     B. smoking, to stop smoking

C. to smoke, to stop to smoke     D. to smoke, stopping to smoke

9. — What do you think of the book?   

    —  Oh, excellent. It’s worth _____ a second time.

A. to read             B. reading            

C. to be read             D. being read

10. “What has made you so upset?”    “________ my new bike.”

A. Lost                                                  B. Because of losing 

C. Since I lost             D. Losing

11. I still remember _____ to Beijing when I was six.

A. to take      B. taking      C. having taking      D. having been taken

12. Some foreigner used to _____ on the left in their own countries, but now they have got used to _____ on the right in our country.

A. driving, drive           B. drive, drive      

C. drive, driving             D. driving, driving

13. He remained ____ there, for he grew ____ in many things there.

A. staying, interesting          B. staying, interested  

C. to stay, interest            D. stayed, interested

14. It is important for parents and young people to learn how to get through to each other and develop skill in understanding and _____.

A. being understood     B. to be understood

C. understand             D. understood

15. _____ more trees is good for health and it is also important to stop waste from factories _____ our surroundings.

 A. To plant, pollute             B. Planting, to pollute    

 C. Plant, polluting           D. Planting, polluting

16. I would appreciate _____ back this afternoon.

A. you to call             B. you call           

C. your calling             D. you’re calling

17. How about the two of us _____ a walk down the garden?

A. to take         B. take         C. taking        D. to be taking

18. “The light in the office is still on.”    “Oh, I forgot _____ .”

A. turning it off             B. turn it off            

C. to turn it off             D. having turned it off

19. “I must apologize for _____ ahead of time.”    “That’s all right.”

A. letting you not know        B. not letting you know

C. letting you know not        D. letting not you know

20. It happened ______ when I left the station, so I had to wait until the rain stopped.

A. to be raining　　　　         B. to have rained　　　　

C. to rain　　             D. raining

21. ____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.

A . Given       B . To give       C . Giving          D . Having given

22. Climbing mountains was ____, so we all felt ____.

A. tiring ; tired   B. tired ; tiring   C. tiring ; tiring   D. tired ; tired

23. The ____ morning, the father came into the lonely house , ____ by his naughty boy .

A. following ; following       B. followed ; followed

C. following ; followed        D. followed ; following

24. ____ these pictures, I couldn’t help thinking of those days when I was in Beijing and ____ from the top of a thirty-storeyed building, Beijing looks more magnificent.

A. Seeing ; seen   B. Seen ; seeing   C. Seeing ; seeing   D. Seen ; seen

25. Mrs White was glad to see the nurse ____ after her son and her daughter and was also pleased to see children well ____ care of in the nursery.

 A. looked ; taken           B. looking ; taken

 C. looked ; took            D. looking ; taking

26. I was fortunate to pick up a wallet ____ on the ground on the way home, but unfortunately for me, I found my colour TV set ____ when I got home.

A. lying; stolen  B. laying; stealing  C. lay; stolen  D. lying; stealing

27. ____ better attention , the vegetables could have grown better with the sun shining brightly in the sky and ____ them light.

A. Giving; given B. Given; given C. Giving; giving D. Given; giving

28. ____ his head high , the manager walked into the room to attend the meeting ____ then .

A. Holding ; being held     B. Held ; holding

C. Having held ; held        D. Held ; to be held

29. ____ but he still could not understand it.

A. Told many times       B. Having been told many times

C. He has been told many times

D. Though he had been told many times

30. On hearing the ____ news, I was too ____ to sleep.

A. exciting ; excited         B. excited ; exciting

  C. exciting ; exciting        D. excited ; excited

参考答案：CDBDC  CAABD  DCBAD  CCCBA  AACAB  ADAAA 

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